The Trial And Free Salem - 1311 Words

Only surpassed by ministers as the most respected profession, magistrates wielded tremendous power in New England. Hand-in-hand with that power came the understanding that they would preserve the puritanical doctrine of the colonists. In the quest to maintain the purity of the colony, haste sometimes led to improper judgments, and the courts infrequently convicted those who were innocent in an effort to maintain the sanctity of the province. This situation manifests itself in Salem, where, in order to further their own personal desires to continue the trials and free Salem, the judges and prosecutors prefer to preserve their own veneer of authority over administering justice, rely on unreliable and easily manipulative witnesses, and fail†¦show more content†¦Danforth focuses on the affect that a postponement will have on his own reputation, and in essence says that he cannot stop the hangings now, as it will show the failure of the court in fairly adjudicating the fates of t hose previously accused of witchery. Instead of being concerned with providing justice. Danforth attempts to save his reputation from the shame that would follow a stay of execution. He only truly cares about on the personal consequences for his actions, rather than acting as an impersonal arm of the law and declares that â€Å"there will be no postponement.† Judge Danforth does not heed the pleas of Reverend Parris, but instead says that if he stops the trials and hangings now, it will imply weakness on his part and be detrimental to his reputation. This decision shows that he is continuing the trials because he is more concerned with his reputation than he is with administering justice. In their desire to eliminate all strains of witchcraft from Salem, the judges put their full trust on the afflicted children and rely on unreliable and discredited witnesses in order to justify their sentences. In a society where the word of children is typically not permissible in a court of law, the main source of testimony

The Vietnam War - 2108 Words

The Vietnam War, is widely regarded as a conflict that divided public opinion in the United States and influenced civilian perceptions on international relations. The conflict lasted for over twenty years and began after a policy of communism was introduced in the North after the withdrawal of French imperialists. The American government was highly concerned with the spread of communism in Asia (known as the Domino Theory) and wanted to end the possible political threat. Over time, the war has became a part of American social memory and is especially known for its distribution of iconic imagery of civilian atrocities. Through these images, varying tales have been told and have brought into question American values, as well as possible hidden motivations of both the government and the press. Over the course of several decades, a popular myth has formed that photojournalism was a critical hallmark to the effectiveness of the anti-war movement, however the public perception of the ima gery was commonly not out of sympathy for the Vietnamese people who were victims, but dissatisfaction with the influx of internal confusion and misinformation. This essay will argue the Vietnam War s use of photojournalism, ultimately contributed to the questioning of American values, as well as the hidden motives of government and media outlets that remains a concern in modern America. Firstly, Vietnam War photojournalism exposed cases of civilian atrocities which in turn brought AmericanShow MoreRelatedThe War Of Vietnam And The Vietnam War1525 Words   |  7 PagesThe war in Vietnam is The United States and other capitalist bloc countries supported South Vietnam (Republic of Vietnam) against the support by the Soviet Union and other socialist bloc countries of North Vietnam (Democratic Republic of Vietnam) and the Vietcong of war. Which occurred during the Cold War of Vietnam (main battlefield), Laos, and Cambodia. This is the biggest and longtime war in American history during the 1960s (Best 2008). It is also the most significant war after World War IIRead MoreThe Vietnam War On Vietnam1725 Words   |  7 PagesThe War on Vietnam Many believe that the way Americans entered the war against the North Vietnam communists was unjust. The United States got into a war that they had no clue on how to win. â€Å"The Vietnam War was a long, costly armed conflict that pitted the communist regime of North Vietnam and its southern allies, known as the Viet Cong, against South Vietnam and its principal ally, the United States. The divisive war, increasingly unpopular at home, ended with the withdrawal of U.S. forces in 1973Read MoreThe Vietnam War : Vietnam1170 Words   |  5 PagesBeyond Vietnam. The Vietnam War is one of the most traumatic episodes in the history of the United States. Not only because it ended with a defeat for the United States Army, but because unleashed the largest wave of protests in the country, in which the government lost support. Extended over more than a decade, between 1959 to April 30 of 1975, although the US intervened in 1965, in which American soldiers experienced in firsthand scenes of destruction and death. During the Vietnam War clashedRead MoreThe Vietnam War Of Vietnam920 Words   |  4 Pages1940’s Vietnam was trying to break free of French reign over their country. During this time period Vietnam was split into two parts, north and south. The Japanese had decided to take over Vietnam in 1942. They couldn’t capture all of Vietnam, so they decided to retreat. North Vietnam proclaimed independence on September 2, 1945 as the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. The State of Vietnam declared independence on June 14, 1949, but rema ined under French rule until August 1, 1954. South Vietnam was theRead MoreVietnam And The Vietnam War1711 Words   |  7 Pages â€Æ' The Vietnam War was one of the bloodiest wars in the history of Vietnam. Vietnam use to be a peaceful country until the idea of communism started spreading across Vietnam. Many wanted to stay democratic but saw what happened to the Germans and started to lean towards communism. Many also wanted to stay democratic and still had it hopes high that it will soon get their lives and economy back on track. It later exploded into a huge argument and then leads to a civil war spurring between NorthRead MoreThe Vietnam War Of Vietnam952 Words   |  4 Pageswords that describe the Vietnam War. The Vietnam War had 240 days of combat in one year. World War II had forty days of combat in four years(Interesting Facts). That statistic shows how rough the Vietnam War was. The fighting was constant between the two sides. This war was fought over politics and had many gruesome battles. Before the Vietnam war, Vietnam was in a revolution because they did not want to be ruled by France. Vietnam wanted to be independent right after World War II ended in 1945. JapanRead MoreThe Vietnam War Of Vietnam1534 Words   |  7 Pages The Vietnam War began November 1st, 1955 and ended April 30th, 1975. It was a long costly war that involved North Vietnam and their Southern allies, known as Viet Cong, against South Vietnam and its main ally the United States. This war was very unpopular at home and would end with the withdrawal of the United States and the unification of Vietnam under communist control. Many think of war as something that just men are involved in but very rarely do people think of the role of women in the warRead MoreThe Vietnam War Of Vietnam1573 Words   |  7 PagesA. The Vietnam War occurred from 1955-1975, this included the North and South fighting over government structure of the newly independent state of Vietnam, having recently become independent f rom France. However, the USA was in Vietnam as a sort of protection for the South Vietnamese people, who had a weaker army force, but only a few thousand Americans were in Vietnam for that purpose at the time. On August 7, 1964, the USA entered the war for the purpose of fighting the North Vietnamese due toRead MoreThe Vietnam War Of Vietnam2003 Words   |  9 PagesThe Vietnam War in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia lasted from November 1st, 1955 to around April 30th, 1975. The war was split up between two sides, North Vietnam, who were allied with the Soviet Union, China, and most of the communist countries during this time period, and South Vietnam, who were allied with the United States and many countries that were against the belief of Communism. Although the United States did not necessarily have to get involved in the war, they believed that they had too soRead MoreVietnam And The Vietnam War1987 Words   |  8 PagesIn 1945, at the end of WWII, Vietnam started their war for ind ependence against their colonial rulers, France. Nine years after the start of the First Indochina War, the French were defeated at Dien Bien Phu which led to a peace conference in Geneva. At the conference, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam received their independence from France. However, Vietnam was divided between a Communist North and a Democratic South. In 1958, Communist- supported guerrillas in South Vietnam, known as the Viet Cong, began

Clean Air Act Essay Research Paper 1990 free essay sample

Clean Air Act Essay, Research Paper 1990, the federal Clean Air Act was passed to better air quality in the United States. President Bush # 8217 ; s proposed amendments to the Clean Air Act ab initio would hold led to the debut of alternate, non-petroleum fuels. The crude oil and oxygenate industries responded by offering a reformulated gasolene plan as a replacement for most of the surrogate fuel proposals. As a consequence, the amendments to the federal Clean Air Act adopted in 1990 needed stairss to accomplish lower vehicle emanations, including plans to oxygenize and redevelop gasolene. Oxygenated gasolene is designed to increase the burning efficiency of gasolene, thereby cut downing C monoxide emanations. Since January 1995, the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments necessitate countries that have the most terrible ozone pollution to utilize reformulated gasolene incorporating fuel oxygenates to better air quality. Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether is one of the most normally used fuel oxygenates because it is produced in really big sums from isobutylene, a waste merchandise in the refinement procedure. We will write a custom essay sample on Clean Air Act Essay Research Paper 1990 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page MTBE can be easy produced at the refinery, at a low cost, and can be transferred through bing grapevines one time it has been blended with gasolene. In contrast to other gasolene additives used in the yesteryear, MTBE is a member of a category of chemical compounds, quintessences, whose alone belongingss are enhanced solubility in H2O and chemical attractive force to H2O molecules. These belongingss, along with widespread usage of MTBE, have resulted in frequent sensing of MTBE in samples of shallow groundwater from urban countries throughout the United States. MTBE moves rapidly to shoal groundwater because it is non attached to dirty atoms, and is chemically attracted to H2O molecules. MTBE the possible to impact regional groundwater beginnings and may show a cumulative taint jeopardy due to its mobility and evident refractoriness. The United States Geological Survey, in a paper presented to the American Chemical Society in San Francisco in April 1997, noted that MTBE # 8220 ; can travel from shoal to deeper aquifers with time. # 8221 ; MTBE enters the environment, and finally the groundwater, chiefly from leaking belowground fuel armored combat vehicles and associated piping, but besides from uncomplete burning in internal burning engines, sloping and vaporization during transit and refueling, and watercraft fumes. Atmospheric precipitation may be another possible beginning of MTBE in groundwater, because MTBE percolates easy through dirt due to its little molecular size and solubility in H2O, leting it to travel quickly into groundwater. The Environmental Protection Agency has classified MTBE as a possible human carcinogen, but no drinking-water ordinance has been established for the compound. The Environmental Protection Agency has issued a imbibing H2O advisory of 20- 40 mcgs per litre, based upon olfactory property and gustatory sensation thresholds, and to supply a # 8220 ; big border # 8221 ; of safety from carcinogenic effects. Since February 1997, the California Department of Health Services has required public H2O providers to supervise their imbibing H2O beginnings for MTBE. As of December 1997, approximately 23 % of imbibing H2O beginnings in California had been sampled for MTBE taint. Of those sites tested, 33 or 1.3 % , had noticeable degrees of MTBE. Of the contaminated sites tested, 36 % had MTBE degrees above the province # 8217 ; s proposed imbibing H2O criterion. Some H2O systems merely test every three old ages for volatile organic compounds, such as MTBE, so it will be the terminal of 2000 before all systems will hold been tested. For MTBE, this frequence of impact to public imbibing Wellss may non be a dependable index of future tendencies because it reflects a history of releases, including those affecting gasolene preparations incorporating no or merely low volumes of MTBE. It besides appears that dissolved benzene plumes were of larger regulative concern than MTBE in old surveies. Most surveies have indicated that MTBE does non biodegrade easy under assorted environmental conditions. If a research probe determines that a compound does non degrade, a half life is n ot reported and the compound is classified as recalcitrant. MTBE is by and large reported as recalcitrant, and there are no widely accepted estimations of the half life. Research workers have reported that MTBE is fractious in anaerobiotic research lab surveies including denitrifying conditions, sulfate-reducing conditions, methanogenic-reducing conditions, and anaerobiotic conditions in landfill-affected aquifer stuff, dirts, and sludges. One 1995 consequence indicated there was no debasement of MTBE in an aerophilic research lab survey after more than 100 yearss of incubation. Degradation of MTBE has been reported on juncture and this indicates that some micro-organisms are able to degrade MTBE. Resent research has demonstrated that bacterial populations and certain pure bacterial strains, when isolated from biotreated sludges and other beginnings, have the ability to utilize MTBE as a exclusive C beginning. Engineers in the research lab of Marc Deshusses, an helper professor of chemical technology at University of California at Riverside, are analyzing how microorganisms with an affinity for MTBE degrade the linear under assorted conditions. They found the biodegradation rate of MTBE in both laboratory flasks and bioreactors was greatly improved by adding hint sums of peat humic substances, big organic molecules that can be extracted from peat. The substances seem to excite the bugs, but scientists do non yet cognize how. There are no surveies of effects on worlds of long term exposure to MTBE. Surveies used to find the jeopardies have been done with research lab animate beings, which creates many restrictions and uncertainness. Animal trials performed in 1997 were non conducted by exposing animate beings to MTBE in imbibing H2O, but instead by presenting oil incorporating MTBE straight into their stomachs several times a hebdomad. The Environmental Protection Agency determined, # 8220 ; although utile for placing possible jeopardies, restrictions of the reported surveies do non let confident estimations of the grade of hazard MTBE may present to worlds from low-level imbibing H2O contamination. # 8221 ; In 1997, the California Legislature addressed several issues environing MTBE. Four measures passed the Legislature and were signed by Governor Wilson. These measures included SB 521, which paid University of California to find the hazards and benefits of MTBE to human wellness and the environment, and required the governor to take appropriate action once these findings were made about the safety of MTBE. SB 1189 required the Department of Health Services to put primary and secondary criterions for imbibing H2O, and necessitate public presentment if taint occurs. AB 592 required several actions related to the taint and clean up of groundwater by MTBE, and the financess to reimburse proprietors of contaminated imbibing beginnings. AB 1491 prohibited bringing of gasolene to any belowground fuel storage armored combat vehicle non in conformity with province and federal criterions after January 1, 1999. As a consequence, Governor Gray Davis ordered MTBE to be banned in California by Decem ber 2002. Many H2O providers now want to fault the oil industry for the taint of their imbibing H2O. On June 20, 2000, the metropolis of Santa Monica, Ca filed a case against 18 oil companies for 200 million dollars for the estimated costs of killing of the metropoliss polluted imbibing H2O Wellss. In November 1997, Mr. Bordvick of the Tosco Corporation testified at a public hearing of the Assembly of Natural Resources Committee that Tosco # 8217 ; s place was in support of the prohibition of MTBE because of concern of the possible liability the company would confront if MTBE contaminated drinking H2O. Several months before, a U.S. District Court in Wilmington, North Carolina, awarded 9.5 million dollars to the 178 occupants of a nomadic place park because MTBE had contaminated their imbibing good. Although it was known that MTBE was a threat in the 1980 # 8217 ; s, the crude oil and oxygenate industries knew that MTBE was the lone hope of accomplishing the demands of the Clean Air Act. Non-petroleum fuels are the hereafter of this planet, yet these companies are pig-headedly defying to accept the destiny of our hereafter.

Ethics of Athletes in Using PED

Question: Analyse the ethical issue using act utilitarianism, identifying all relevant consequences. Compare negative versus positive consequences and assess whether net utility will rise or fall as a result of the ethical act being examined? Answer: The use of Performance enhancing drugs: Drugs are a medicine which creates a physiological effect when it is consumed or introduced in the body. Drugs which help in enhancing performance had been a common trend among athletes. The revolution started with eminent Olympiad Thomas Hicks when he earned victory in marathon after he was injected with Strychnine amidst the race. Since then many athletes were found to use drugs that has enhanced their performance. Now a day, it is not a surprise to find famous sports personalities using drugs. Using drugs is an unethical practice. It helps in enhancing the potential but then it becomes unfair to athletes who dont use drugs. Though drug enables an athlete to perform well yet it becomes a threat in the long term. Knowing that drugs has many side effects that might even kill the athlete then why should athletes use drugs that enhances performance? Moreover, theer is a limit for using drug, if that extends then it becomes a threat to the life f an athlete. The ethical use of Drugs its importance and need analysis. Many advocate of drug use states that the damaging effects in health have been emphasized. They opine that drugs are a part of sports evolution just like new technologies and improvised techniques of training. In this context the opponents explains that is a means of having unfair advantage over other athletes (Uvacsek et al., 2011). The Utilitarianism theory explains the ethical and unethical practices (Bykvist, 2009). It includes all the bad and good which have been produced by an act. If an act produces the same level of happiness as produced by any other act by the same individual then it is ethical. Analyzing the use of Drug in context to Utilitarian theory: Drugs has both positive and negative effects, positive effects are short-lived whereas negative effects is harmful in long term. Out of control use of drugs may conclude to immediate death. The affected person will be the athlete and his team, his country and his family. It would also be unfair for other athletes who are not using drugs (Warner et al., 2002). The ethical action will be no use of drugs. According to hedonism pleasure is the only thing that has something good in itself. The hedonists consider instrumental pleasures which are short lived. So does athletes. They prefer short term pleasures acquired from drug consumption and likewise overlook the negative aspects of drug use. There is negative aspect to drugs like, use of drugs for men my result in impotency, baldness, infertility and shrunken testicles (Robinson and Epshteyn, 2009). For women use of drugs concludes in deeper voice, increased body hair and infrequent menstruation. Apart from these symptoms like psychiatric disorder, inhibited development, heart and circulatory problems, liver abnormalities and hypertension had been had been found (Khing, n.d.). Facts relevant to the analysis While using PED US Athlete was banned for life after being discovered. He used doping for second time when he used recombinant Erythropoietin a kind of PED (Taipeitimes.com, 2015). Earlier around June 1999, he was caught using anabolic steroid. The steroid boosts an athletes performance by increasing the oxygen rich volume of red blood cells. This was because euse of PED was an unfair practice for an athlete. Negative Vs positive consequences (Sportsanddrugs.procon.org, 2015) The PED is originally made with the intention of enhancing health. When used appropriately in consultation with experts it works effectively. Steroids can help to reduce bulge from inflammation in time of certain allergies or sickness. There are effects like mood swings and aggressive behavior, severe depression. In case of teenagers, their growth is stopped due to use of PED. Assumptions : It can be assumed that the athletes get a pressure in order to perform well on behalf of the country, team as a representative. If it is so, then other countries also feel the same level of pressure but they have a strong morale. The pressure can be individual by choice. The allure of darkness attracts, to use unfair means in order to achieve the glory allures every athletes. Some people expect to maintain their standard whereas some chooses to make fame. It can also be assumed that the decision of using PED can be the countrys decision. Because there are many athletes who generally cannot afford to get PED, then a question arises how they are getting PED? The rise and fall of utility Depending on the choice of the Athlete, the Utilitarian theory states that if PED is used and it results in enhanced performance then it is ethical. It is not that other participants also dont have the choice. Negative utility Positive Utility lived The use of PED slowly causes negative reaction Positive effects short-lived Doesnt provides guarantee Enhances physical power Ethics turns negative Matter of choice for the athletes Cost effective Supports hedonism Low satisfactory satisfactory Increases suffering Short term achievements Pain and suffering Pleasure and happiness The objective of negative utility is decrease the suffering but it doesnt provides happiness. Here there is no moral for happiness (Socrethics.com, 2015). Pain is considered as the sole happiness. Negative utility tries to find out solutions on a permanent basis, painlessly. Here positive utilitarianism tries to maximize contentment. Positive utility supports the promotion of happiness, which means that they try to avoid suffering. Conclusion: It is necessary for an athlete to understand that negative ethics can be overruled, not by avoiding it but by facing it. There are many athletes who had successfully come out form the use of PED where some failed. Those who failed have never tried to come out of it and the world doesnt recognize them as a hero. The question is not about every athlete should go through PED test, the question is about how to guide the moral ethics of athletes and every people who wants to enhance their performance through shortcut. Athletes are considered as heroes by their followers, the set the example of a perfect idol then it is their responsibility to guide their followers in the right path. References Bykvist, K. (2009).Utilitarianism. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. Khing, T. (n.d.).Performance-enhancing drugs in sports. Robinson, T. and Epshteyn, M. (2009).Performance-enhancing drugs. Edina, Minn.: ABDO Pub. Co. Socrethics.com, (2015).Negative Utilitarianism and Justice. [online] Available at: https://www.socrethics.com/Folder2/Justice.htm#C3 [Accessed 11 Mar. 2015]. Sportsanddrugs.procon.org, (2015).Top 10 Pros and Cons - Drug Use in Sports - ProCon.org. [online] Available at: https://sportsanddrugs.procon.org/view.resource.php?resourceID=002352 [Accessed 11 Mar. 2015]. Taipeitimes.com, (2015).US' Jerome Young banned for life for doping violation - Taipei Times. [online] Available at: https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/sport/archives/2004/11/12/2003210824 [Accessed 11 Mar. 2015]. Uvacsek, M., Nepusz, T., Naughton, D., Mazanov, J., Rnky, M. and Petrczi, A. (2011). Self-admitted behavior and perceived use of performance-enhancing vs psychoactive drugs among competitive athletes.Scandinavian Journal of Medicine Science in Sports, 21(2), pp.224-234. Warner, D., Schnepf, G., Barrett, M., Dian, D. and Swigonski, N. (2002). Prevalence, attitudes, and behaviors related to the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in student athletes1 1The body of this work was done while D.C.W. and M.S.B. were students at Depauw University and Indiana University School of Medicine, respectively.Journal of Adolescent Health, 30(3), pp.150-153.

Macbeth Essays (820 words) - Characters In Macbeth,

Macbeth I am going to prove that in the play Macbeth, a symbol of blood is portrayed often (and with different meanings), and that it is a symbol that is developed until it is the dominating theme of the play towards the end of it. To begin with, I found the word "blood", or different forms of it forty-two times (ironically, the word fear is used forty-two times), with several other passages dealing with the symbol. Perhaps the best way to show how the symbol of blood changes throughout the play, is to follow the character changes in Macbeth. First he is a brave honoured soldier, but as the play progresses, he becomes a treacherous person who has become identified with death and bloodshed and shows his guilt in different forms. The first reference of blood is one of honour, and occurs when Duncan sees the injured sergeant and says "What bloody man is that?". This is symbolic of the brave fighter who been injured in a valiant battle for his country. In the next passage, in which the sergeant says "Which smok'd with bloody execution", he is referring to Macbeth's braveness in which his sword is covered in the hot blood of the enemy. After these few references to honour, the symbol of blood now changes to show a theme of treachery and treason. Lady Macbeth starts this off when she asks the spirits to "make thick my blood,". What she is saying by this, is that she wants to make herself insensitive and remorseless for the deeds which she is about to commit. Lady Macbeth knows that the evidence of blood is a treacherous symbol, and knows it will deflect the guilt from her and Macbeth to the servants when she says "smear the sleepy grooms with blood.", and "If he do bleed, I'll gild the faces of the grooms withal, for it must seem their guilt." When Banquo states "and question this most bloody piece of work," and Ross says "is't known who did this more than bloody deed?", they are both inquiring as to who performed the treacherous acts upon Duncan. When Macbeth is speaking about Malcolm and Donalbain, he refers to them as "bloody cousins" A final way, and perhaps the most vivid use of the symbol blood, is of the theme of guilt. First Macbeth hints at his guilt when he says "Will all great Neptune's ocean wash this blood clean from my hand?", meaning that he wondered if he would ever be able to forget the dastardly deed that he had committed. Then the ghost of Banquo, all gory, and bloody comes to haunt Macbeth at the banquet. The sight of apparitions represents his guilt for the murder of Banquo which he planned. Macbeth shows a bit of his guilt when he says "It is the bloody business which informs thus," he could not get the courage to say murder after he had killed Duncan, so he says this instead. Lady Macbeth shows the most vivid example of guilt using the symbol of blood in the scene in which she walks in her sleep. She says "Out damned spot! Out I say! One: two: why then 'tis time to do't: hell is murky. Fie, my lord, fie, a soldier, and afeard? What need we fear who knows it when none can call out power to account? Yet who would have thought the old man to have had so much blood in him?". This speech represents the fact that she cannot wipe the blood stains of Duncan off of her hands. It is ironic, that she says this, because right after the murder, when Macbeth was feeling guilty, she said "A little water clears us of this deed." When the doctor of the castle finds out about this sleepwalking, he tells Macbeth "As she is troubled with thick-coming fantasies,". What this means, is that Lady Macbeth is having fantasies or dreams that deal with blood. Macbeth knows in his mind that she is having troubles with her guilt, but does not say anything about it. Just before the ending of the play, Macbeth has Macduff at his mercy, and lets him go, because of his guilt. He shows that he is guilty, when he says "But get thee back, my soul is too much charg'd with blood of thine already.". Of which, Macduff replies, "I have no words, my voice is in my sword, thou bloodier villain than terms can give thee out." After the death of Macbeth at the

How to Write a United States History DBQ Sample Essay

How to Write a United States History DBQ Sample EssayWriting a United States History DBQ sample essay is often more difficult than it looks. Your goal should be to ensure that you get the most from the exercise by completing it as accurately as possible.For example, high school students are often instructed to include topics that relate to geography, religion, or the Civil War, but little information about how the Founding Fathers came up with the founding documents of the United States of America. While the essay should be lively and interesting, avoid going into too much detail in the beginning.In many English classes, students learn to write from various texts and genres, but they never learn to write intelligently from different styles. Before you begin writing your sample essay, take a moment to consider the style of the text that you will be writing for your United States History DBQ assignment.What style do you like best? Are you more comfortable with historical fiction, poetr y, or contemporary journalism? This will help you narrow down the type of essay that you will write as you research for your DBQ sample essay.After you have decided on a particular style, look at all of the resources available in your English course. Look at dictionaries, encyclopedias, and newspapers to learn about how the texts in your course are formatted and used.In addition to learning about the format and conventions of the texts you are writing, you also need to be familiar with how a text is organized and how the structure of the English course relates to that structure. It is important to know how sentences are interspersed with paragraphs to ensure that your essay flows smoothly.You will also need to look at how the grammar of your English course is developed. You will also need to learn how to summarize and explain what is covered in the text.

Husserls continually present Natural Standpoint †Essay

Husserls continually present Natural Standpoint – Essay Free Online Research Papers Husserl’s â€Å"continually present† natural standpoint In the natural attitude we find ourselves situated within the dual temporal horizons of the past and the future. Within these horizons the world of our experience is one, which is an every waking now obviously so, has its temporal horizon, infinite in both directions (I  §27,102). The past and the future recede infinitely behind and before usnever coming to an end, but rather vanishing, as it were, at the limits of our field of vision, what we experience to varying degrees is a misty horizon. In the natural attitude we understand time as always moving and ‘being there’, from one such fading horizon to the other, and we recognize human experience as always already occurring in time, enframed by horizons which are forever beyond our grasp but always visible in the smallest range of our conscious sight. Along and between these horizons the present is that moment of our experience that stands out, intuitively and immediately, as the focal point of our conscious life. The present presents itself to consciousness and demands its attention. The present assumes the foreground in the unfolding of our experience, but always against the background of the worlds ordered being in succession of time (I  §27,102). The present cannot extricate itself from this continuum. It is caught up in the chain of the sequence of time, which is an unbreakable linkagea web of interconnections and interrelationsthat extends without limit behind and before us: receding in both directions into the invisible regions beyond the horizons of our intentional gaze. We can, through an effort of abstract thought, feel our way along this continuum, navigating through its connections and relations; but it will always be the case that in the actuality of our experience whatever is presented to us will be presented in a present enframed by a horizonal past and future. The singularity of multiple mental processes while simultaneously gathering them together in a pattern of unity. Inner time consciousness pulls together separate mental processes, welding them together in a chain. Turning his attention now to the world that is situated within the infinite temporal horizons of past and future, Husserl takes up the task of describing the nature of our conscious experience. He takes the natural attitude in order to arrive at a certain universal insight into the essence of any consciousness whatever (I  §33,113). Before undertaking a stud of consciousness in brackets, according to the epoches guidelines, which exclude the presuppositions of the natural attitude, he wants to study consciousness as it occurs within the natural attitudein order to make certain that something will be left of consciousness once the â€Å"braketing† is activated, and also in order to get a preliminary idea of what constitutes the essential nature of that phenomenological. The natural standpoint is, essentially, the vision of the world structured by all sorts of filters - psychological, biological, cultural, These filters equip us for success in almost every sphere of life excep t one, namely, unfiltered truth-seeking. Husserl was radical in claiming that, with due diligence and method, we can remove all these filters temporarily. This eidetic analysis leads Husserl to describe consciousness as a stream (I  §34,116). Consciousness presents itself to us in the natural attitude not as an immobile, unchanging thing, but rather in a constant change, a linear force surging forward. Between the receding horizons of the past and the future, which allow us to experience the world of the natural attitude. Husserl says that this stream of consciousness is composed of particular mental processes. These mental processes are the various cogitationes of consciousness: the intending, perceivings, understandings and other activities of the cogito. When we reflect on the stream of consciousness as it occurs in the natural attitude we find it to be composedbuilt up and constitutedby these elemental acts of the Ego (I  §33,113). Though the cogitatum (the physical object that is perceived, for example) may be absolutely stable and constant, the cogitatio that intends it is always in flux, and is in turn itself caught up in the larger flux of flowing consciousness (I  §41,130-131). Their own essence is such that they draw together and combine to changing or unified glimpse of the misty horizon, which is the stream of consciousness, while nevertheless preserving, in the process, a certain autonomy and individual freedom. Husserl wants to understand how this dual nature comes about. So the question that Husserl poses is this: If particular mental processes constitute the stream of consciousness (in both its unity and its potential for flashes of individuation), what is it that constitutes the essence of the constituting mental processes? This question leads Husserl to take the third step, moving beyond the natural attitude, and an eidetic analysis of consciousness.. In this deeper region of consciousness it will be possible to discover what constitutes the events and essences that make their way up into the natural world. The brackets of the epoche are meant to exclude the general positing which belongs to the essence of the natural attitude (I  §32,61), and thus allow us to lay claim to a truly scientific foundation for knowledge. Here the new science of phenomenology can go to work and uncover the fundamental structures and operations of consciousness. Husserl looks here for that which constitutes the dualistic essence of mental processes and the general temporal context of the natural world, and finds the source of both to be internal time consciousness or phenomenological time. To understand phenomenological time we must first differentiate it from objective or cosmic time (I  §81,192). Phenomenological time differs from objective time first of all in terms of the region of its activity. Phenomenological time is purely internal: it does not operate outside of bracketed consciousness. In the natural attitude we are accustomed to thinking of time as an objective phenomenonas an external event that can be precisely defined, tracked, and measured by the tools and traditions of the natural world. In this attitude time comes to be associatedeven identifiedwith the ticking of the second hand, the movement of the shadows, or the visible change of the seasons: in short, with concrete, physical events in a concrete, physical milieu. But according to Husserl phenomenological time has no such external manifestations. It is not measured nor to be measured by any position of the sun, by any clock, by any physical means (I  §81,192). Phenomenological time has rather t o do with the immanent, inner experience of time at the most profound level of consciousness. According to Husserl, this inner experience has no necessary presence or reflection in the natural world, as transcendent objective time does. The immanent place that phenomenological time has within bracketed consciousness is, for Husserl, the deepest, most fundamental level of reality. Phenomenological time is therefore what is ultimately and truly absolute (I  §81,193). This signals the end of Husserls descent: we have reached the foundation (I  §85, 203). Inner time consciousness is what constitutes the temporal context and the cogitationes which in turn constitute our experience of the natural world. From the essence of this deepest level of consciousness, the mental processes which constitute the stream of consciousness derive their own essence. At this point we are finally in a position to examine the essence of inner time consciousness itself. According to Husserl, phenomenological time is essentially a form that imposes itself upon mental processes (I  §81,194). This form, in turn, is generated- constitutedby an activity of protention and retention that issues from the very core of consciousness. By means of this activity consciousness enlarges itself beyond the present. It actively holds on to traces of its past, while simultaneously reaching forward into its future. It draws its past into its present, and extends its present into its future. Protention and retention are precise counterpart[s]; in a sense they amount to a single activity that can be focused in two different directions (I  §77,175).2 Consciousness constitutes the linked, unified structurethe formof temporality as it directs this activity upon the past and the future. Thus, Without committing ourselves to Husserls phenomenology, we can say that his explanation of our ordinary ignorance is attractive. The natural standpoint is a rendering of Socratic fo rgetfulness that has considerably more articulate detail. But I have many questions about it. Is the natural standpoint just a congeries of attitudes, unified only in name, that must be disentangled before they help us understand anything? Can there be many natural standpoints? By what force does the natural standpoint return, or impose itself, after we leave our desks? Research Papers on Husserl’s â€Å"continually present† Natural Standpoint - EssayComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoThree Concepts of PsychodynamicIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesGenetic EngineeringEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Spring and AutumnThe Project Managment Office SystemResearch Process Part One