Montana farm - 275 Words

Montana farm (Case Study Sample) Content: {A DISEASE OUTBREAK IN MONTANA FARM} {NAME} {SCHOOL} The Affected Organisms Severe dehydration in pigs, but is not a danger to persons or other creatures. It can murder up to 100 percentages of a farm's suckling pigs. First noticed in U.S. pigs in April 2013, the virus has extent to 27 states. "The only things we can do are lookout the truck traffic as well as watch the foot traffic amid barns. One CC (cubic centimeter) of ill fecal matter is sufficient to infect uncountable barns," Hofer said. The American Association of Swine Veterinarians approximations that less than 50 cases of PED have occurred in Montana. The Montana Department of Livestock reported a solitary case of PED in Montana Feb. 10, but has not openly noted additional circumstances. Cases also have been told in Wyoming. Signs and Symptom Exhibited The clinical signs of contagion are very age-specific; being much more austere in younger creatures. In suckling pigs (less than 7 days old) there is plentiful, watery diarrhea which is often yellow in color. In many circumstances, the pigs also vomit, lose their desire, become dehydrated as well as die. It usually affects entire disorders as well as up to 50-100% of the litter may decrease. Pigs over a week of age characteristically recover. When older creatures become ill they might go off feed for 2-4 days, have loose manure as well as vomit. The death rate is very low in post-weaning beings (1-3%) but the whole herd may have clinical signs after early exposure. In herds where the contagion has become recognized only suckling as well as recently dissuaded pigs become ill. The incubation in separate creatures is as short as 22-36 hours as well as the first cases are usually perceived 4-5 days after exposure. The infections will extent rapidly within a herd. It is vital to succumb t o proper samples to a veterinary diagnostic laboratory for analysis. Pathogen Causing the Infection Hofer said that while the virus slays piglets, it is a survivable state for sows. Though, the loss of nursing pigs complex reproduction for the mothers, who characteristically go into heat once more within six days after their piglets are weaned. With the cycle unnerved off, the reproduction rate of just over two disorders a year becomes problematic. Farmers are confident better weather will help quell PED. Anne Miller of the Montana Pork Producers Council said she is getting out to pig producers in Montana as well as Wyoming, plus breeders of 4-H show pigs. The American Association of Swine Veterinarians estimates that fewer than 50 cases of PED have happened in Montana. The Montana Department of Livestock stated a solitary case of PED in Montana Feb. 10, but has not openly noted additional cases. Cases also have been stated in Wyoming. Hofer said that while the virus kills piglets, it is a survivable illness for sows. Nevertheless, the losses of nursing pigs complex reproduction fo r the mothers, who characteristically go into heat again in six days after their piglets are weaned. With the cycle thrown off, the reproduction degree of just over two litters a year becomes problematic. Ways of Identification in the Agent in the Laboratory Feces: a least of 10 ml of feces collected in a leak-proof vessel Intestine: segments of fresh jejunum, ileum, as well as colon, placed in separate leak proof vessels these specimens should be refrigerated as well as conveyed on frozen gel packets. Formalin-fixed segments of jejunum, ileum, as well as colon placed in leak proof vessels. The Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory at Oregon State University does not presently offer the diagnostic examinations for PEDv. Though, you may convey your specimens to the VDL as well as they will position for their transport as well as submission to another accredited analytic laboratory for testing. The Etiology of the Infection The virus is extent by a fecal-oral route. Infected pigs shed huge amounts of viruses for 7-9 days. Infection may be through contact with infected pigs or indirectly by acquaintance to manure on boots as well as clothing, farm supplies as well as apparatus, or trucks/trailers used to move pigs. The virus is slayed by mutual sterilizers such as bleach, VirkonÂÂ ® S, 1-Stroke, Environ, as well as aeration. It may continue in cool, damp organic material for up to a month. The viral bacteria die fast in dry, warm sunlit settings, but can survive numerous days in co...

Movie Analysis Fuck - 1817 Words

Fuck, Michael. I moan, not realizing that Michael isn t the person with his lips around my dà ¯ck at the moment. Kellin stands up instantly, wiping his lips and raising an eyebrow. I knew you were still obsessed with that kid! He whisper-yells, grabbing his jacket and storming out of the library room. I look down on myself and sigh, wishing I had said the right name instead of the one I was screaming in my head. Yes, for fucks sake, I love Michael. I am madly in love with the boy with pink hair and big sweaters. The boy with emerald eyes and a button nose. The boy with a sing song giggle and a voice as soft as the cotton candy he loves to snack on. The boy with soft and cool hands and a pudgy tummy I really want to leave raspberry s†¦show more content†¦I shouldn t have said those things to you that night at the party. You were right. I did, do, want you. More than you know. I confess. Just then the librarian walks up and tells us to be quiet or leave, so I pack up Michael s books and sling his bag over my shoulder before holding my hand out for him. He rolls his eyes and entwines our fingers as we leave from the library. I lead Michael down the hallway to the auditorium and I sit with him on the stage. I m really sorry Michael. It doesn t change the fact that you used me. That was a lie. I- fuck I m really about to say this. Okay. I like you...Michael. I really, really, really like you. And I m fucking terrified that I m going to ruin you. And I know I already hurt you and it s been eating me alive because that s the last thing I wanted to do. You re so amazing in my eyes, Mikey. I love everything about you and you re way too good for me. I m - just - I m really sorry. Michael is silent for a minute before looking up to me with a small smile. You mean that? He asks. Every word of it. I can never get you off my mind. You re always right there and all I can do is crave you. Well, at least take me on a date first. Michael laughs, hopping off the stage and leaving the auditorium. I watch as he leaves, admiring his bum as it sways while he walks. I smile contently and trail after Michael to my biology class with Luke. What are you so smirky

Free MCSE Practice Test 70-290

Read the question and then click on the checkbox that contains the correct answer. Some questions may have multiple answers, in which case you can place a check in the box next to each correct answer. The small field to the immediate right of the question will display Yes if you are correct or No  if you have selected the wrong answer. Click on the Explanation button to find out more about the answer. This is really helpful if you get the answer wrong because it can give you more detail on what the answer pertains to. Therefore, this isnt just a test, necessarily, but also a type of study guide. Choosing the Next Question   button lets you move through the MCSE Practice test. There is a poll and additional MCSE resources on the final page of the MCSE Practice test, so be sure to follow through with all the questions.   Your answers are not graded, so you cant see which topics you struggled with. Therefore, keep track of the difficult ones yourself so you can read up on where you need to improve. Good luck! More Information on the MCSE Test According to Microsoft, the MCSE 70-290 test examines your skills when it comes to managing and maintaining a Microsoft Windows Server 2003 Environment. These are the main topics discussed in the  test: Create and manage user, group, and computer accountsManage file and share permissionsHelp control Web server access and manage sites with Internet Information Services (IIS)Manage hardware devices, disk storage, software, and print servicesImplement backup procedures and perform system recovery The link at the top of this page is for a free MCSE 70-290 test, but some study material comes at a cost. This may be a good thing if youve exhausted all the free study tests you can find because the ones that cost are typically full of lots of useful information.

The Trial And Free Salem - 1311 Words

Only surpassed by ministers as the most respected profession, magistrates wielded tremendous power in New England. Hand-in-hand with that power came the understanding that they would preserve the puritanical doctrine of the colonists. In the quest to maintain the purity of the colony, haste sometimes led to improper judgments, and the courts infrequently convicted those who were innocent in an effort to maintain the sanctity of the province. This situation manifests itself in Salem, where, in order to further their own personal desires to continue the trials and free Salem, the judges and prosecutors prefer to preserve their own veneer of authority over administering justice, rely on unreliable and easily manipulative witnesses, and fail†¦show more content†¦Danforth focuses on the affect that a postponement will have on his own reputation, and in essence says that he cannot stop the hangings now, as it will show the failure of the court in fairly adjudicating the fates of t hose previously accused of witchery. Instead of being concerned with providing justice. Danforth attempts to save his reputation from the shame that would follow a stay of execution. He only truly cares about on the personal consequences for his actions, rather than acting as an impersonal arm of the law and declares that â€Å"there will be no postponement.† Judge Danforth does not heed the pleas of Reverend Parris, but instead says that if he stops the trials and hangings now, it will imply weakness on his part and be detrimental to his reputation. This decision shows that he is continuing the trials because he is more concerned with his reputation than he is with administering justice. In their desire to eliminate all strains of witchcraft from Salem, the judges put their full trust on the afflicted children and rely on unreliable and discredited witnesses in order to justify their sentences. In a society where the word of children is typically not permissible in a court of law, the main source of testimony

The Vietnam War - 2108 Words

The Vietnam War, is widely regarded as a conflict that divided public opinion in the United States and influenced civilian perceptions on international relations. The conflict lasted for over twenty years and began after a policy of communism was introduced in the North after the withdrawal of French imperialists. The American government was highly concerned with the spread of communism in Asia (known as the Domino Theory) and wanted to end the possible political threat. Over time, the war has became a part of American social memory and is especially known for its distribution of iconic imagery of civilian atrocities. Through these images, varying tales have been told and have brought into question American values, as well as possible hidden motivations of both the government and the press. Over the course of several decades, a popular myth has formed that photojournalism was a critical hallmark to the effectiveness of the anti-war movement, however the public perception of the ima gery was commonly not out of sympathy for the Vietnamese people who were victims, but dissatisfaction with the influx of internal confusion and misinformation. This essay will argue the Vietnam War s use of photojournalism, ultimately contributed to the questioning of American values, as well as the hidden motives of government and media outlets that remains a concern in modern America. Firstly, Vietnam War photojournalism exposed cases of civilian atrocities which in turn brought AmericanShow MoreRelatedThe War Of Vietnam And The Vietnam War1525 Words   |  7 PagesThe war in Vietnam is The United States and other capitalist bloc countries supported South Vietnam (Republic of Vietnam) against the support by the Soviet Union and other socialist bloc countries of North Vietnam (Democratic Republic of Vietnam) and the Vietcong of war. Which occurred during the Cold War of Vietnam (main battlefield), Laos, and Cambodia. This is the biggest and longtime war in American history during the 1960s (Best 2008). It is also the most significant war after World War IIRead MoreThe Vietnam War On Vietnam1725 Words   |  7 PagesThe War on Vietnam Many believe that the way Americans entered the war against the North Vietnam communists was unjust. The United States got into a war that they had no clue on how to win. â€Å"The Vietnam War was a long, costly armed conflict that pitted the communist regime of North Vietnam and its southern allies, known as the Viet Cong, against South Vietnam and its principal ally, the United States. The divisive war, increasingly unpopular at home, ended with the withdrawal of U.S. forces in 1973Read MoreThe Vietnam War : Vietnam1170 Words   |  5 PagesBeyond Vietnam. The Vietnam War is one of the most traumatic episodes in the history of the United States. Not only because it ended with a defeat for the United States Army, but because unleashed the largest wave of protests in the country, in which the government lost support. Extended over more than a decade, between 1959 to April 30 of 1975, although the US intervened in 1965, in which American soldiers experienced in firsthand scenes of destruction and death. During the Vietnam War clashedRead MoreThe Vietnam War Of Vietnam920 Words   |  4 Pages1940’s Vietnam was trying to break free of French reign over their country. During this time period Vietnam was split into two parts, north and south. The Japanese had decided to take over Vietnam in 1942. They couldn’t capture all of Vietnam, so they decided to retreat. North Vietnam proclaimed independence on September 2, 1945 as the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. The State of Vietnam declared independence on June 14, 1949, but rema ined under French rule until August 1, 1954. South Vietnam was theRead MoreVietnam And The Vietnam War1711 Words   |  7 Pages â€Æ' The Vietnam War was one of the bloodiest wars in the history of Vietnam. Vietnam use to be a peaceful country until the idea of communism started spreading across Vietnam. Many wanted to stay democratic but saw what happened to the Germans and started to lean towards communism. Many also wanted to stay democratic and still had it hopes high that it will soon get their lives and economy back on track. It later exploded into a huge argument and then leads to a civil war spurring between NorthRead MoreThe Vietnam War Of Vietnam952 Words   |  4 Pageswords that describe the Vietnam War. The Vietnam War had 240 days of combat in one year. World War II had forty days of combat in four years(Interesting Facts). That statistic shows how rough the Vietnam War was. The fighting was constant between the two sides. This war was fought over politics and had many gruesome battles. Before the Vietnam war, Vietnam was in a revolution because they did not want to be ruled by France. Vietnam wanted to be independent right after World War II ended in 1945. JapanRead MoreThe Vietnam War Of Vietnam1534 Words   |  7 Pages The Vietnam War began November 1st, 1955 and ended April 30th, 1975. It was a long costly war that involved North Vietnam and their Southern allies, known as Viet Cong, against South Vietnam and its main ally the United States. This war was very unpopular at home and would end with the withdrawal of the United States and the unification of Vietnam under communist control. Many think of war as something that just men are involved in but very rarely do people think of the role of women in the warRead MoreThe Vietnam War Of Vietnam1573 Words   |  7 PagesA. The Vietnam War occurred from 1955-1975, this included the North and South fighting over government structure of the newly independent state of Vietnam, having recently become independent f rom France. However, the USA was in Vietnam as a sort of protection for the South Vietnamese people, who had a weaker army force, but only a few thousand Americans were in Vietnam for that purpose at the time. On August 7, 1964, the USA entered the war for the purpose of fighting the North Vietnamese due toRead MoreThe Vietnam War Of Vietnam2003 Words   |  9 PagesThe Vietnam War in Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia lasted from November 1st, 1955 to around April 30th, 1975. The war was split up between two sides, North Vietnam, who were allied with the Soviet Union, China, and most of the communist countries during this time period, and South Vietnam, who were allied with the United States and many countries that were against the belief of Communism. Although the United States did not necessarily have to get involved in the war, they believed that they had too soRead MoreVietnam And The Vietnam War1987 Words   |  8 PagesIn 1945, at the end of WWII, Vietnam started their war for ind ependence against their colonial rulers, France. Nine years after the start of the First Indochina War, the French were defeated at Dien Bien Phu which led to a peace conference in Geneva. At the conference, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam received their independence from France. However, Vietnam was divided between a Communist North and a Democratic South. In 1958, Communist- supported guerrillas in South Vietnam, known as the Viet Cong, began

Clean Air Act Essay Research Paper 1990 free essay sample

Clean Air Act Essay, Research Paper 1990, the federal Clean Air Act was passed to better air quality in the United States. President Bush # 8217 ; s proposed amendments to the Clean Air Act ab initio would hold led to the debut of alternate, non-petroleum fuels. The crude oil and oxygenate industries responded by offering a reformulated gasolene plan as a replacement for most of the surrogate fuel proposals. As a consequence, the amendments to the federal Clean Air Act adopted in 1990 needed stairss to accomplish lower vehicle emanations, including plans to oxygenize and redevelop gasolene. Oxygenated gasolene is designed to increase the burning efficiency of gasolene, thereby cut downing C monoxide emanations. Since January 1995, the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments necessitate countries that have the most terrible ozone pollution to utilize reformulated gasolene incorporating fuel oxygenates to better air quality. Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether is one of the most normally used fuel oxygenates because it is produced in really big sums from isobutylene, a waste merchandise in the refinement procedure. We will write a custom essay sample on Clean Air Act Essay Research Paper 1990 or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page MTBE can be easy produced at the refinery, at a low cost, and can be transferred through bing grapevines one time it has been blended with gasolene. In contrast to other gasolene additives used in the yesteryear, MTBE is a member of a category of chemical compounds, quintessences, whose alone belongingss are enhanced solubility in H2O and chemical attractive force to H2O molecules. These belongingss, along with widespread usage of MTBE, have resulted in frequent sensing of MTBE in samples of shallow groundwater from urban countries throughout the United States. MTBE moves rapidly to shoal groundwater because it is non attached to dirty atoms, and is chemically attracted to H2O molecules. MTBE the possible to impact regional groundwater beginnings and may show a cumulative taint jeopardy due to its mobility and evident refractoriness. The United States Geological Survey, in a paper presented to the American Chemical Society in San Francisco in April 1997, noted that MTBE # 8220 ; can travel from shoal to deeper aquifers with time. # 8221 ; MTBE enters the environment, and finally the groundwater, chiefly from leaking belowground fuel armored combat vehicles and associated piping, but besides from uncomplete burning in internal burning engines, sloping and vaporization during transit and refueling, and watercraft fumes. Atmospheric precipitation may be another possible beginning of MTBE in groundwater, because MTBE percolates easy through dirt due to its little molecular size and solubility in H2O, leting it to travel quickly into groundwater. The Environmental Protection Agency has classified MTBE as a possible human carcinogen, but no drinking-water ordinance has been established for the compound. The Environmental Protection Agency has issued a imbibing H2O advisory of 20- 40 mcgs per litre, based upon olfactory property and gustatory sensation thresholds, and to supply a # 8220 ; big border # 8221 ; of safety from carcinogenic effects. Since February 1997, the California Department of Health Services has required public H2O providers to supervise their imbibing H2O beginnings for MTBE. As of December 1997, approximately 23 % of imbibing H2O beginnings in California had been sampled for MTBE taint. Of those sites tested, 33 or 1.3 % , had noticeable degrees of MTBE. Of the contaminated sites tested, 36 % had MTBE degrees above the province # 8217 ; s proposed imbibing H2O criterion. Some H2O systems merely test every three old ages for volatile organic compounds, such as MTBE, so it will be the terminal of 2000 before all systems will hold been tested. For MTBE, this frequence of impact to public imbibing Wellss may non be a dependable index of future tendencies because it reflects a history of releases, including those affecting gasolene preparations incorporating no or merely low volumes of MTBE. It besides appears that dissolved benzene plumes were of larger regulative concern than MTBE in old surveies. Most surveies have indicated that MTBE does non biodegrade easy under assorted environmental conditions. If a research probe determines that a compound does non degrade, a half life is n ot reported and the compound is classified as recalcitrant. MTBE is by and large reported as recalcitrant, and there are no widely accepted estimations of the half life. Research workers have reported that MTBE is fractious in anaerobiotic research lab surveies including denitrifying conditions, sulfate-reducing conditions, methanogenic-reducing conditions, and anaerobiotic conditions in landfill-affected aquifer stuff, dirts, and sludges. One 1995 consequence indicated there was no debasement of MTBE in an aerophilic research lab survey after more than 100 yearss of incubation. Degradation of MTBE has been reported on juncture and this indicates that some micro-organisms are able to degrade MTBE. Resent research has demonstrated that bacterial populations and certain pure bacterial strains, when isolated from biotreated sludges and other beginnings, have the ability to utilize MTBE as a exclusive C beginning. Engineers in the research lab of Marc Deshusses, an helper professor of chemical technology at University of California at Riverside, are analyzing how microorganisms with an affinity for MTBE degrade the linear under assorted conditions. They found the biodegradation rate of MTBE in both laboratory flasks and bioreactors was greatly improved by adding hint sums of peat humic substances, big organic molecules that can be extracted from peat. The substances seem to excite the bugs, but scientists do non yet cognize how. There are no surveies of effects on worlds of long term exposure to MTBE. Surveies used to find the jeopardies have been done with research lab animate beings, which creates many restrictions and uncertainness. Animal trials performed in 1997 were non conducted by exposing animate beings to MTBE in imbibing H2O, but instead by presenting oil incorporating MTBE straight into their stomachs several times a hebdomad. The Environmental Protection Agency determined, # 8220 ; although utile for placing possible jeopardies, restrictions of the reported surveies do non let confident estimations of the grade of hazard MTBE may present to worlds from low-level imbibing H2O contamination. # 8221 ; In 1997, the California Legislature addressed several issues environing MTBE. Four measures passed the Legislature and were signed by Governor Wilson. These measures included SB 521, which paid University of California to find the hazards and benefits of MTBE to human wellness and the environment, and required the governor to take appropriate action once these findings were made about the safety of MTBE. SB 1189 required the Department of Health Services to put primary and secondary criterions for imbibing H2O, and necessitate public presentment if taint occurs. AB 592 required several actions related to the taint and clean up of groundwater by MTBE, and the financess to reimburse proprietors of contaminated imbibing beginnings. AB 1491 prohibited bringing of gasolene to any belowground fuel storage armored combat vehicle non in conformity with province and federal criterions after January 1, 1999. As a consequence, Governor Gray Davis ordered MTBE to be banned in California by Decem ber 2002. Many H2O providers now want to fault the oil industry for the taint of their imbibing H2O. On June 20, 2000, the metropolis of Santa Monica, Ca filed a case against 18 oil companies for 200 million dollars for the estimated costs of killing of the metropoliss polluted imbibing H2O Wellss. In November 1997, Mr. Bordvick of the Tosco Corporation testified at a public hearing of the Assembly of Natural Resources Committee that Tosco # 8217 ; s place was in support of the prohibition of MTBE because of concern of the possible liability the company would confront if MTBE contaminated drinking H2O. Several months before, a U.S. District Court in Wilmington, North Carolina, awarded 9.5 million dollars to the 178 occupants of a nomadic place park because MTBE had contaminated their imbibing good. Although it was known that MTBE was a threat in the 1980 # 8217 ; s, the crude oil and oxygenate industries knew that MTBE was the lone hope of accomplishing the demands of the Clean Air Act. Non-petroleum fuels are the hereafter of this planet, yet these companies are pig-headedly defying to accept the destiny of our hereafter.

Ethics of Athletes in Using PED

Question: Analyse the ethical issue using act utilitarianism, identifying all relevant consequences. Compare negative versus positive consequences and assess whether net utility will rise or fall as a result of the ethical act being examined? Answer: The use of Performance enhancing drugs: Drugs are a medicine which creates a physiological effect when it is consumed or introduced in the body. Drugs which help in enhancing performance had been a common trend among athletes. The revolution started with eminent Olympiad Thomas Hicks when he earned victory in marathon after he was injected with Strychnine amidst the race. Since then many athletes were found to use drugs that has enhanced their performance. Now a day, it is not a surprise to find famous sports personalities using drugs. Using drugs is an unethical practice. It helps in enhancing the potential but then it becomes unfair to athletes who dont use drugs. Though drug enables an athlete to perform well yet it becomes a threat in the long term. Knowing that drugs has many side effects that might even kill the athlete then why should athletes use drugs that enhances performance? Moreover, theer is a limit for using drug, if that extends then it becomes a threat to the life f an athlete. The ethical use of Drugs its importance and need analysis. Many advocate of drug use states that the damaging effects in health have been emphasized. They opine that drugs are a part of sports evolution just like new technologies and improvised techniques of training. In this context the opponents explains that is a means of having unfair advantage over other athletes (Uvacsek et al., 2011). The Utilitarianism theory explains the ethical and unethical practices (Bykvist, 2009). It includes all the bad and good which have been produced by an act. If an act produces the same level of happiness as produced by any other act by the same individual then it is ethical. Analyzing the use of Drug in context to Utilitarian theory: Drugs has both positive and negative effects, positive effects are short-lived whereas negative effects is harmful in long term. Out of control use of drugs may conclude to immediate death. The affected person will be the athlete and his team, his country and his family. It would also be unfair for other athletes who are not using drugs (Warner et al., 2002). The ethical action will be no use of drugs. According to hedonism pleasure is the only thing that has something good in itself. The hedonists consider instrumental pleasures which are short lived. So does athletes. They prefer short term pleasures acquired from drug consumption and likewise overlook the negative aspects of drug use. There is negative aspect to drugs like, use of drugs for men my result in impotency, baldness, infertility and shrunken testicles (Robinson and Epshteyn, 2009). For women use of drugs concludes in deeper voice, increased body hair and infrequent menstruation. Apart from these symptoms like psychiatric disorder, inhibited development, heart and circulatory problems, liver abnormalities and hypertension had been had been found (Khing, n.d.). Facts relevant to the analysis While using PED US Athlete was banned for life after being discovered. He used doping for second time when he used recombinant Erythropoietin a kind of PED (Taipeitimes.com, 2015). Earlier around June 1999, he was caught using anabolic steroid. The steroid boosts an athletes performance by increasing the oxygen rich volume of red blood cells. This was because euse of PED was an unfair practice for an athlete. Negative Vs positive consequences (Sportsanddrugs.procon.org, 2015) The PED is originally made with the intention of enhancing health. When used appropriately in consultation with experts it works effectively. Steroids can help to reduce bulge from inflammation in time of certain allergies or sickness. There are effects like mood swings and aggressive behavior, severe depression. In case of teenagers, their growth is stopped due to use of PED. Assumptions : It can be assumed that the athletes get a pressure in order to perform well on behalf of the country, team as a representative. If it is so, then other countries also feel the same level of pressure but they have a strong morale. The pressure can be individual by choice. The allure of darkness attracts, to use unfair means in order to achieve the glory allures every athletes. Some people expect to maintain their standard whereas some chooses to make fame. It can also be assumed that the decision of using PED can be the countrys decision. Because there are many athletes who generally cannot afford to get PED, then a question arises how they are getting PED? The rise and fall of utility Depending on the choice of the Athlete, the Utilitarian theory states that if PED is used and it results in enhanced performance then it is ethical. It is not that other participants also dont have the choice. Negative utility Positive Utility lived The use of PED slowly causes negative reaction Positive effects short-lived Doesnt provides guarantee Enhances physical power Ethics turns negative Matter of choice for the athletes Cost effective Supports hedonism Low satisfactory satisfactory Increases suffering Short term achievements Pain and suffering Pleasure and happiness The objective of negative utility is decrease the suffering but it doesnt provides happiness. Here there is no moral for happiness (Socrethics.com, 2015). Pain is considered as the sole happiness. Negative utility tries to find out solutions on a permanent basis, painlessly. Here positive utilitarianism tries to maximize contentment. Positive utility supports the promotion of happiness, which means that they try to avoid suffering. Conclusion: It is necessary for an athlete to understand that negative ethics can be overruled, not by avoiding it but by facing it. There are many athletes who had successfully come out form the use of PED where some failed. Those who failed have never tried to come out of it and the world doesnt recognize them as a hero. The question is not about every athlete should go through PED test, the question is about how to guide the moral ethics of athletes and every people who wants to enhance their performance through shortcut. Athletes are considered as heroes by their followers, the set the example of a perfect idol then it is their responsibility to guide their followers in the right path. References Bykvist, K. (2009).Utilitarianism. London: Bloomsbury Publishing. Khing, T. (n.d.).Performance-enhancing drugs in sports. Robinson, T. and Epshteyn, M. (2009).Performance-enhancing drugs. Edina, Minn.: ABDO Pub. Co. Socrethics.com, (2015).Negative Utilitarianism and Justice. [online] Available at: https://www.socrethics.com/Folder2/Justice.htm#C3 [Accessed 11 Mar. 2015]. Sportsanddrugs.procon.org, (2015).Top 10 Pros and Cons - Drug Use in Sports - ProCon.org. [online] Available at: https://sportsanddrugs.procon.org/view.resource.php?resourceID=002352 [Accessed 11 Mar. 2015]. Taipeitimes.com, (2015).US' Jerome Young banned for life for doping violation - Taipei Times. [online] Available at: https://www.taipeitimes.com/News/sport/archives/2004/11/12/2003210824 [Accessed 11 Mar. 2015]. Uvacsek, M., Nepusz, T., Naughton, D., Mazanov, J., Rnky, M. and Petrczi, A. (2011). Self-admitted behavior and perceived use of performance-enhancing vs psychoactive drugs among competitive athletes.Scandinavian Journal of Medicine Science in Sports, 21(2), pp.224-234. Warner, D., Schnepf, G., Barrett, M., Dian, D. and Swigonski, N. (2002). Prevalence, attitudes, and behaviors related to the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in student athletes1 1The body of this work was done while D.C.W. and M.S.B. were students at Depauw University and Indiana University School of Medicine, respectively.Journal of Adolescent Health, 30(3), pp.150-153.