Thursday, December 12, 2019
Nazisme Essay Example For Students
Nazisme Essay ?NTRODUCT?ONLe nazisme est un bon exemple de r?gime totalitaire. De point de vue de sa naissance et de sa mont?e, le nazisme nous d?montre bien comment un r?gime totalitaire peut sinstaurer. La mont?e du nazisme; cest ? dire une p?riode commen?ant par la fin de la premi?re guerre mondiale (1918) jusqu? lobtention du pouvoir par le Parti Nazi (NSDAP: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiter Partei) et la fondation de la 3e Reich (1931) sera pr?sent?e afin de pouvoir exprimer les causes de linstauration dun r?gime totalitaire en Allemagne. Comment, une pens?e politique si extr?me a pu obtenir le pouvoir, surtout par les moyens l?gaux? Quels sont les cl?s de leur r?ussites; comment le peuple allemand lont tol?r? et support Pourquoi Hitler a r?ussi? Nous allons essayer de r?pondre ? ces questions dans les lignes suivantes avec un plan chronologique. I-La R?publique et La Constitution de WeimarA) La situation de lAllemagne apr?s la Premi?re Guerre MondialeLa Monarchie Allemande navait plus une autorit? et une l?gitimit? dans le pays quand la d?faite en guerre ?tait pr?vue. Les forces marines qui ne voulaient pas faire la guerre contre les Anglais ?ils croyaient que ?a serait une suicide-, les dockers et lorganisation arm?e, les ?freikorps? s?taient r?volt?s. Friedrich Ebert qui contr?lait le gouvernement allemand ? cette ?poque voulait fonder une monarchie constitutionnelle. Quand les rebelles sont venus devant le palais du gouvernement ? Berlin, lami dEbert, Schiedman a d?clar? par accident La R?publique Allemande. Une coalition form?e de quatre partis (SPD, USPD, Zentrum, DVP) de gauche et de droite a commenc? alors ? gouverner. B) Le Trait? de VersaillesLe trait? de Versailles ?tait lacceptation de la d?faite par les Pays dEntente dans la 1?re Guerre Mondiale. LAllemagne consid?r? comme d?buteur de la guerre avec ce trait?, a perdu 13% de sa territoire et 10% de sa population. La r?gion dAlsace Loraine conqu?rite en 1871 est rendu en France. Une partie de la Prusse est donn?e ? Pologne. Ce qui ?tait le plus grave, cest que lAllemagne devait payer 132 milliards de mark de d?domagement de guerre. De cette raison, une partie de la territoire Autrichienne qui appartenait en Allemagne est adopt? par la France en tant que d?domagement. Le trait? de Versailles a caus? des grands probl?mes politiques internes en Allemagne. C) La R?publique et La ConstitutionLa r?publique ?tait fond?e et une coalition gouvernait le pays depuis le d?but de 1919. En Ao?t 1919, une assembl?e constituante sest r?unie ?Weimar (le nom de la r?publique vient de cette ville). Un mois apr?s le Trait? de Versailles, la constitution allemande est accept?e. C?tait une constitution qui ?tait tr?s d?mocratique pour son ?poque. Tous les citoyens homme ou femme avaient le droit de vote ? partir de vingt ans. La repr?sentation proportionnelle ?tait pr?vue comme mode de scrutin aux ?lections l?gislatives. Les droits et les libert?s de lhomme et de citoyen ?taient garantis par lEtat F?d?rale. Les etats f?d?r?s sont rendus plus attach?s au centre. Le Pr?sident de la R?publique ?tait ?quipp? des comp?tences comme la d?signation du chancelier. Le droit reconnu le plus important est le referendum. Le peuple pouvait vouloir voter une loi et m?me pouvait laccepter malgr? le Reichstag (le parlement). La constitution de Weimar ?tait un exemple tr ?s d?mocratique et avanc? pour son ?poque. II- Le Parti Nazi et Son Progr?s ParlementaireA) Lorigine, la fondation et lorganisation du partiLorigine du Parti Nazi est la soci?t? Thul? qui ?tait un groupe de pens?e fond? par un ouvrier de chemin de fer Anton Drexler et son ami Rudolf Sebottendorf (Ao?t 1918). DAP (Deutsche Arbeiter Partei) est d?riv? de cette soci?t? en 1919 avec la participation du Karl Hasser. Adolf Hitler y participe en 1919 comme chef de propagande. Il ?tait un tr?s bon orateur. C?tait un parti antis?mitiste, anticomuniste, nationaliste et militant. Il d?fendait la sup?riorit? de la race Arienne. En F?vrier 1920, DAP devient NSDAP (Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiter Partei) avec un programme ? 25 articles. Le but du parti ?tait de modifier totalement les bases ?conomiques, sociales, culturelles et politiques du Reich. Lunification des minorit?s allemandes, xenophobie et lid?e de lexpulsion des juifs sont fortement exprim?es. On d?clarait aussi dans le programme les principes dune nouvelle organisatio n ?conomique et sociale sans classes et des ambitions totalitaires comme le contr?le de la presse et de l?ducation. Les membres du parti sont plut?t de la classe moyenne. Les petits bourgeois, les paysans, les artisans et les commer?ants forment la majorit? des adh?rants. Le groupe qui est sous pr?sent? est les ouvriers car le socialisme et le communisme qui sont forts ? l?poque mod?raient la participation des ouvriers. Le support du parti vient plut?t de la r?action contre Weimar et le Trait? de Versailles. L?conomie lib?rale qui force les gens et linexistence de la garantie de lemploi servaient au Parti Nazi. Les ch?meurs supportaient bien le parti et participaient aux SA (Sturmabteilungen:les troupes de protection). Les jeunes mieux influenc?s avec la propagande, aventuriers, se sentaient comme une partie dune communaut? et devenaient membre du parti. La propagande ?tait la plus importante arme du parti. Lutilisation de la presse, les r?unions, les films de propagande et les SA uniform?s formaient les principaux moyens de propagande. NSDAP sorganisait sur le plan national dans chaque circonscri ption, presque quartier par quartier (Gau) avec un leader (Gauleiter) ? la t?te. Il cherchait sa client?le dans toutes les couches sociales. Les membres sont d?pass?s de 176.000 en 1929 ? 4 millions en 1933. Fibonacci EssayC) Janvier 1933: Le Chancelier HitlerAvec le support de Schleiher, Von Papen et le fils du Pr?sident de la R?publique, Oskar Von Hindenburg, Hitler devient le chancelier dune coalition de DVNP, Zentrum, et NSDAP. Les autres associ?s de la coalition voulaient manipuler les nazis et croyaient quen limitant leurs comp?tences, il serait possible de les contr?ler. Pour cette raison, on na donn? que trois minist?res pas si importants comme celui des affaires int?rieurs. D) La Naissance de la Troisi?me Reich: Tous Les Pouvoirs ? HitlerApr?s ?tre devenu le Chancelier, Hitler d?clare les nouvelles ?lections qui seront r?alis?es au 5 Mars 1933 avec un d?cret-loi. Ce d?cret est suivi par un autre qui autorise au gouvernement dintervenir aux manifestations et de pouvoir censurer la presse si la s?curit? du Reich est menac?e. Dailleurs, ces d?crets sont largement utilis?s par les nazis pour enlever lopposition (surtout les communistes) et les opposants sont mobilis?s de leurs postes. Au 22 F?vrier 1933, la complice dHitler, Goering fonde les troupes de SS (Schutz Staffel) en Prusse comme service de police. Les SA et les SS combattent alors ensemble contre les opposants. Au 27 F?vrier, un communiste dutch Van der Lubbe met lincendie au Reichstag. Les nazis profitent de cet evenement pour arr?ter tous les communistes. Un nouvel d?cret enl?ve tous les libert?s et r?gles instaur?es par la constitution de Weimar et on lapplique strictement. Une grande somme de gens sont arr?t?s par Goering et les SS et KPD (Komunist Partei Deutschland) est devenu ill?gal. Au 5 Mars 1933, le Parti Nazi devient le premier parti avec 43,9% des voix. C?tait le cas o? lAllemagne a eu la premi?re fois un parti avec une si grande pourcentage de voix. NSDAP forme alors une coalition avec lassociation de DVNP et les voix totals tend 51,9%. En r?alit?, il nexistait pas un si grand support mais Hitler d?montrait les r?sultats comme une victoire. Les nazis ont alors commenc? ? obtenir le contr?le de tous les domaines politico-?conomiques: les institutions et offices etatiques, les banques, le commerce, la presse etc Les gouvernements des etats f?d?r?s aussi sont acqu?ris par NSDAP. Au 23 Mars, Hitler r?cup?re tous les pouvoirs executifs et l?gislatifs par laccord (forc? avec les menaces des SA et des SS) du parlement. 81 d?put?s de KPD sont tout de suite prisonn?s. On ferme dabord KPD puis SPD. Quelques uns se sont alli?s avec les nazis pour continuer ? exister. Le P arti Catholique Centrale (Zentrum) a men? une politique intelligente pour co-exister mais lopposition de lEglise Catholique contre le nazisme a caus? leur fin aussi. Au 14 Juillet, avec une loi dinterdiction de cr?ation des partis politiques, Letat de parti unique dHitler est fond?. Derni?rement, NSDAP prend le contr?le des syndicats et fonde DAF (Deutsche Arbeiter Front): le Front dOuvrier Allemand. CONCLUS?ONLe processus de la mont?e du nazisme au pouvoir pr?sent? ci-dessus nous donne un exemple de linstauration dun r?gime totalitaire. Si on examine bien les evenements v?cus dans ce processus, on peut bien d?duire les causes de cette mont?e du nazisme. Pourquoi Hitler? Premi?rement, la constitution de Weimar qui ?tait tr?s d?mocratique et souple pour son ?poque rendait facile les man?uvres politiques. Ensuite, le mode de scrutin pr?cis? dans la constitution ? repr?sentation proportionnelle ne permettait pas la cr?ation dun gouvernement stable. L?conomie instable perturb?e par les d?domagements de guerre et des crises ?conomiques causait un taux de ch?mage ?lev? et une grave instabilit? sociale.Derni?rement, les d?fauts des institutions qui ne sont jamais contr?l?es comme il faut et la manque dutilisation des initiatives des autres partis politiques ont bien servi ? NSDAP. Lair pessimiste qui couvrait une grande partie du peuple allemand ? cause de ces handicaps est tr?s bien ma nipul? (lutilisation de lespoir) par les nazis en utilisant tous les moyens de propagande. Avec cette propagande extr?me, on est arriv? ? faire int?rioriser une id?ologie totalitaire. Tous ces facteurs pr?sent?s descriptent bien la conjoncture qui peut mener un pays ? avoir un r?gime totalitaire. BibliographyLA MONT?E DU NAZ?SME EN ALLEMAGNE?NTRODUCT?ONA- Pr?sentation du sujetB- Annonce du probl?matique et du planI- La R?publique et La Constitution de WeimarA- La situation de lAllemagne apr?s la Premi?re Guerre MondialeB- Le Trait? de VersaillesC- La R?publique et la ConstitutionII- Le Parti Nazi et son Progr?s Parlementaire A- Lorigine, la fondation et lorganisation du partiB- 1920-1923: Les travaux dorganisation et le coup detat de MunichC- 1925: La r?organisation du partiD- Crise ?conomique de 1929 et les ?lections de 1930III-La Domination ?lectorale et La Route Vers Le DictatoriatA- La candidature dHitler pour la pr?sidenceB- Les ?lections de Juillet et Novembre 1932C- Janvier 1 933: Le Chancelier HitlerD- La naissance de la troisi?me Reich: Tous les pouvoirs ? ?F?hrer?CONCLUS?ON Pourquoi Hitler? B?BL?OGRAPH?EAy?oberry, Pierre, La Question Nazie, Editions du Seuil, Paris, 1979Wahl, Alfred, LAllemagne de 1918 ? 1945, Armand Colin, Paris, 1993Freeman, Michael, Atlas of Nazi Germany, Longman, London, 1995Encyclopedie MourreAna Britannica
Wednesday, December 4, 2019
Gods Chosen Soldier Essay Example For Students
Gods Chosen Soldier Essay Gods Chosen SoldierHill 1Gods Chosen Soldier?Beowulf?, is a story of a man who seems to be unrealistic to people of today. Yet the character, Beowulf still arouses the imagination of any generation from all over the world. ?Beowulf?, is undoubtedly one of the most studied, debated over, and read epics of all times. One of the most controversial topics in the tale is the juxtaposition of Christian ethics which are found throughout the story, yet the time frame of the tale was a time that is known as mainly a pagan belief existing among the people. Upon researching different authors, one can find every possible interpretation imaginable about the Christian verses pagan elements in the story. However, the fact still remains that either the Christian elements found throughout was derived from the poet or perhaps a man even in the time of Beowulf could have been chosen by God to try and lead the people to a true God. The beautifully written epic, ?Beowulf?, tells of a simpler time when a man such as Beowulf could understand and appreciate his unusual strength as a gift worthy only to be claimed by almighty God. As the epic begins, a far away land is in trouble and in desperate need of hero. Beowulf hears of a fierce monster ravaging and killing men of King Hrothgars land, the Danes. These same people were at war long ago with Beowulfs people, the Geats, therefore Beowulf and his people knew of the Danes well. Beowulfs father was the first to strike a blow and start a famous feud (Crossley-Holland, 44). Yet when Beowulf heard of the Danes distress he quickly understood that he should go. Beowulf was considered the bravest and strongest of his people, and most other warriors for that matter. Beowulf understood his strength to somehow be of divine nature rather than of his own accord (Norton Anthology, 1058). Many times throughout the epic are references made to God or to an all-powerful force. Such references are excessively embedded in the beginning when Beowulf spea ks of ?omens? about the decision to make the trip to help the Danes. For instance, the passage written in ?Beowulf? by George Clark, ?Between Hill 2the heros command, his announcement, and his selection of his companions for the exploit, the Geatish councilors consult the omens and approve his plans even as he leads his picked company to the sea and the ready ship?(Clark, 53). Also references are made to the men giving thanks to God for a safe journey once making their way across the ocean to the Danes (Crossley-Holland, 38). Even as he speaks to King Hrothgar he mentions several times that if God wills a victory that he, Beowulf, will end the Danes suffering from Grendels rage (Nortons Anthology, 1058). In essence all of these mentioned show Beowulf to be earnest in his desire to help the Danes for their well being, and not for fame or fortune for his own benefit. As we prepare to encounter the beast Grendel with Beowulf, we find that Beowulf seems confident not in his own talents, but in God. The last conversation which Hrothgar and Beowulf have before Beowulf actually encounters Grendel confirms this because Beowulf tells Hrothgar that the fate of the battle is up to God. Even then Hrothgar cautions Beowulf not to enter into the fight with selfish pride (Robinson, 84). Beowulf expressing his intentions to fight the battle against Grendel without a weapon once again examplifies his faith in a power greater than his own strength. It is not an indication of selfish pride. Beowulf explains in this quote his belief about the fight: ?Grendel is no braver, no stronger than I am! I could kill him with my sword; I shall not, easy as it would be. This fiend is a bold and famous fighter, but his claws and teeth scratching at my shield, his clumsy fists beating at my sword blade, would be helpless. I will meet him with my hands emptyunless his heart fai ls him, seeing a soldier waiting weaponless, unafraid. Let God in His wisdom extend his hand where He wills, reward whom He chooses!?(Norton Anthology, 1067). These words could be taken, as the translators manipulation to the epic, yet time and time again there seems a presence around Beowulf which is not evident amongst other characters. So upon meeting Grendel, Beowulf stands firm and the beast does in fact seem Hill 3frightened. Grendel, the descendent of Cain has finally met his ultimate match, Gods chosen soldier! Grendel tries with all of his might to break free from Beowulf, and does so only after leaving his arm as proof of the battle. Beowulf later informs Hrothgar of his own disappointment for not leaving the bleeding body lying in Herot Hall, but that Gods will was different. Hrothgar is overwhelmed with joy and begins to ready the kingdom for a feast unlike no other. An apparent love is shown from Hrothgar to Beowulf, by the elaborate measures he goes to repay him for th is most wonderful of deeds he has performed of the Danes. Beowulf seems modest in the accomplishment and thus very little of an acceptance speech is heard, instead he seems apologetic when he speaks because all he has to show from the battle with Grendel is his arm. Nevertheless, Beowulf would not offend the King or custom by refusing the praise or gifts, which Hrothgar seems to lavish easily. All that the Danes wish to give will only be handed to Beowulfs own King and kinsmen, and not horded for his own reward. In the midst of a wonderful celebration of good fortune, another monster comes from the depths of hell, Grendels mother. Fiercer than Grendel she is, as a mothers passion consumes the hall. Beowulf without hesitation enters into this great battle as well. She too comes at night; this night unlike any other was a night the people slept as though sleep had not touched their world in years. Grendels mother came in and took Hrothgars closest friend, and for fear of her own life fled back to the swamp from which she had come. Beowulf follows her to the swamp knowing his strength alone cannot defeat such passion as what this mother, Grendels mother must feel. In this we can again see a meaningful understanding from Beowulf of an omnipotent ruler over the entire world. Thus he enters the swamp only out of pure faith of Gods abilities to carry him through. The fight is one of such magnitude that during and after Beowulf seems to change, to somehow mature. Perhaps even in his belief in a power over all man, there was still a little pride in himself before this battle with Grendels mother, yet his victory from the battle truly Hill 4enlightens him of fate being only as God ordains it (Greenfield, 18). The struggle which Beowulf goes through between having some unknown, indescribable knowledge and his peoples customs and beliefs being so very different seems to come to a climax during this instance, and a conclusion for his confusion all at once (18). So we come to a conclusion to such a seemingly wonderful heroes life. Beowulf has by this time grown very old, and has been the King of his own people, the Geats for many years. But one final battle is still left for Beowulf to fight and this one will prove to be the most important of all. R. E. Kaskes interpretation of ?Beowulf? explains that this battle is the most important because, ? not only does Beowulf have to encounter the ever-present dangers as a human being of militia, but also as a king, in combating an apparent spread of militia among his people, typified by the actions of the goblet-stealer and the later defection of his own retainers (127). Still even in his old age he feels the desire to protect those weaker than he and his final moments are spent fighting for the safety of his people. In his old age, Beowulf still tells his people, ?No man could fight this battle but me and win,? which again implies the understood strength Beowulf has to be more than merely a human strength. K aske implies that the dragon represents the greatest of evils, since the devil is often referred to as the dragon, and in a way Beowulf has always been fighting the dragon, or some evil (126-127). Some wonder why the dragon kills Beowulf, and this seems an unfitting end. Yet in truth, Beowulf accomplished his feet against the dragon, he killed him and saved his people from another evil. But Beowulf is human and humans die. This ending to the epic is what humanizes Beowulf and the entire epic. A mere man faces unbelievable triumphs and is victorious every time, well almost every time. But this last battle should not be seen as a defeat, because the victory was meant for God all along, not a human, which is why Beowulf is finally released of his duties from God. A man cannot be worshipped as the bravest and the strongest, only God should hold this high honor. .u13efa3ece125f1db9617e14484d7dd4f , .u13efa3ece125f1db9617e14484d7dd4f .postImageUrl , .u13efa3ece125f1db9617e14484d7dd4f .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u13efa3ece125f1db9617e14484d7dd4f , .u13efa3ece125f1db9617e14484d7dd4f:hover , .u13efa3ece125f1db9617e14484d7dd4f:visited , .u13efa3ece125f1db9617e14484d7dd4f:active { border:0!important; } .u13efa3ece125f1db9617e14484d7dd4f .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u13efa3ece125f1db9617e14484d7dd4f { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u13efa3ece125f1db9617e14484d7dd4f:active , .u13efa3ece125f1db9617e14484d7dd4f:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u13efa3ece125f1db9617e14484d7dd4f .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u13efa3ece125f1db9617e14484d7dd4f .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u13efa3ece125f1db9617e14484d7dd4f .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u13efa3ece125f1db9617e14484d7dd4f .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u13efa3ece125f1db9617e14484d7dd4f:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u13efa3ece125f1db9617e14484d7dd4f .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u13efa3ece125f1db9617e14484d7dd4f .u13efa3ece125f1db9617e14484d7dd4f-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u13efa3ece125f1db9617e14484d7dd4f:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Kaymito Leaves as Antiseptic Mouthwash EssayHill 5Beowulf was considered a larger than life hero even in his time. Surely few people can obtain fame, fortune, and the respect of his piers, in one lifetime. Yet something seemed special, or different about Beowulf. Perhaps in a world still ruled by Pagan belief Beowulf was a man of unusual knowledge, a knowledge granted by God to a man in a world of pagan sin. Maybe Beowulf was one of the first of the old ancestors to be chosen by God, as Moses and Abraham are in later years, to show their people a love and forgiveness which is unconditional and forever. A man in the midst of pagans, who will show these heathen people a grac e that will lead them to eternal heaven and rid them of an eternal death. The many wonders about the actual origin of this epic is sure to be pondered upon as long as man can read and rationalize. One thing seems evident though as to the origin of Beowulfs beliefs. A life of fame did little to shorten Beowulfs belief in his countrymen, kinsmen, or his almighty God. History Essays
Thursday, November 28, 2019
The concluding scene of Blood Brothers Essay Example For Students
The concluding scene of Blood Brothers Essay Another disadvantage would be that the actors would only be able to enter from the left and right hand sides of the stage. There are, however some advantages of a proscenium stage such as, the actors not having to turn their backs on the audience this would contrast to the event of blocking in the round. Another advantage of this type of stage, is that the set can easily be changed which, contrasts to an in the round stage, where the characters would have to change the set during the production. In the concluding scene of Blood Brothers, I am going to have stage props such as a podium and a few chairs facing it, I have chosen to do this because the stage directions state we see Edward, standing behind a table, on a platform. The fact that Edward is raised, gives the impression that he has more status in society and is more important than the others who will be positioned on the stage. The podium will be lowered from the roof of the stage, allowing it to be easily removed from the set. We will write a custom essay on The concluding scene of Blood Brothers specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Two other councillors will accompany Edward, however they will not be on any kind of raised platform, as this will still allow Edward to look superior. When Edward has been shot I will remove the podium and chairs. Instantly after Mickey is blown away he will fall next to Edward, this will depict they now both have the same status in society: neither is better that the other, death really is the leveller. Minor stage props will be brought on stage by the actors and actresses; however the characters will not stop or pause during the process of this, all props shall be brought on stage during the enactment to keep flow of the play by casually and simply moving around them. The simplicity of the scenery and props will be capitalised on, in a way that it will serve to emphasise the quality of the acting, as there will be nothing fancy to distract the audiences attention. The audience will be entirely focused on the central issue of the relationship of the two brothers and the tragic irony of their contrasting lives. There is the additional dramatic irony that only the audience knows the full story. (The main characters die not knowing that story. I will also use stage props so it is not hard to distinguish where the characters are. For example, in the final scene, Edward is delivering a speech at work the props shall be set up to look like his place of work. At the beginning of the final scene, I will use normal lighting as Edward is delivering his speech. At this time, Mickey bursts in unsteadily and is unsure of himself; in the process of this the lights will be dimmed. This is to create a form of tension in the audience; I have also chosen this because I want to create an effect, which will encourage the audience to focus on the two main characters, Mickey and Edward. At this point Mickey shouts aggressively, just get out of here, mister, now! (Directed, at a councillor) which shows the seriousness of the situation. The remaining councillors hurry off stage from all exits, to create havoc and panic, to contrast with the coming silence. The lights are now turned off completely. Two white spotlights will then appear, one over Mickey and the other over Edward. When the guns are fired and both fall to the ground the lights will fade from a white glow to a blood red to emphasise their death. At this point Linda and Miss Johnstone huddle around the Blood Brothers, mourning. The characters all freeze as a soft glow of light falls over the narrator, which captures the audiences attention. The narrator slowly walks around the edge of the stage inspecting the freeze frame whilst reading, and do we blame suspicion In the late 1970s and early 1980s, Britain was experiencing an economic decline and hardship, which mainly affected working class people. .u1f0ea12fc6a80cfdf30b9d4558488930 , .u1f0ea12fc6a80cfdf30b9d4558488930 .postImageUrl , .u1f0ea12fc6a80cfdf30b9d4558488930 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u1f0ea12fc6a80cfdf30b9d4558488930 , .u1f0ea12fc6a80cfdf30b9d4558488930:hover , .u1f0ea12fc6a80cfdf30b9d4558488930:visited , .u1f0ea12fc6a80cfdf30b9d4558488930:active { border:0!important; } .u1f0ea12fc6a80cfdf30b9d4558488930 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u1f0ea12fc6a80cfdf30b9d4558488930 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u1f0ea12fc6a80cfdf30b9d4558488930:active , .u1f0ea12fc6a80cfdf30b9d4558488930:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u1f0ea12fc6a80cfdf30b9d4558488930 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u1f0ea12fc6a80cfdf30b9d4558488930 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u1f0ea12fc6a80cfdf30b9d4558488930 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u1f0ea12fc6a80cfdf30b9d4558488930 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u1f0ea12fc6a80cfdf30b9d4558488930:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u1f0ea12fc6a80cfdf30b9d4558488930 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u1f0ea12fc6a80cfdf30b9d4558488930 .u1f0ea12fc6a80cfdf30b9d4558488930-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u1f0ea12fc6a80cfdf30b9d4558488930:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: How does Shakespeare make the audience feel about Juliet and her parent in Act 3 Scene 5 EssayThe main reasons for this were: the governments reaction to the coal miners demands, (they tried to turn the nation against the miners by imposing the three day week). Power cuts resulted from a lack of coal to fuel power stations and this lack of electricity caused a domino effect in industry. Many other workers were on short time or laid off. The price of oil worldwide was raised which affected the price of all commodities, making life difficult for people not able to earn much money. At the same time, more working people especially adults, such as Willy Russell benefited from the extension of educational opportunities. Having learned to think, they found they had plenty to think about in Britain. During the 1970s, many of them formed strong political views, often very sympathetic to workers. There are many organisations such as the Socialist Workers Party, which were popular amongst many young people. The mass recession of the 70s caused many problems regarding social class. Most people of working class were forced to have their houses repossessed due to the three-day week regulation. At the time of the recession, people rebelled against most of the governments decisions. A clear example of this would be they way people portrayed their views via fashion. The working class people had a propensity to dress as punks they dressed like this as a way of expressing their opinions and anger. In the enactment, Russell successfully portrays this via the character Miss Johnstone. She is from a working class background and struggles economically during this era. Her son Mickey is also at a disadvantage because of this. His endures a poor education and is suspended from school due to behavioural problems. Mickey was unaffected by this because he assumed he was not going to get a job if he continued learning, due to the circumstances. He was later imprisoned, and became economically depressed. The Lyons, depicted in the play, are a very prosperous family and live a contented life during the three day week. Mr Lyons has a well-paid job, which enables the family to weather the economic crisis. Their son Edward is highly educated which provided him with the opportunity to follow in his fathers footsteps. In comparison the two families lead very contrasting lives, which clearly depicts the economic circumstances in the mass recession.
Sunday, November 24, 2019
The Psychological Affects of the Holocaust Essays - Anti-communism
The Psychological Affects of the Holocaust Essays - Anti-communism The Psychological Affects of the Holocaust The Holocaust was a tragic point in history which many people believe never happened. Others who survived it thought it should never have been. Not only did this affect the people who lived through it, it also affected everyone who was connected to those fortunate individuals who survived. The survivors were lucky to have made it but there are times when their memories and flashbacks have made them wish they were the ones who died instead of living with the horrible aftermath. The psychological effects of the Holocaust on people from different parts such as survivors of Israel and survivors of the ghettos and camps vary in some ways yet in others are profoundly similar. The vast number of prisoners of various nationalities and religions in the camps made such differences inevitable. Many contrasting opinions have been published about the victims and survivors of the holocaust based on the writers' different cultural backrounds, personal experiences and intelectual traditions. Therefore, the opinions of the authors of such books and entries of human behavior and survival in the concentration camps in Nazi-occupied Europe are very diverse. The Survivors of the Holocaust: General Survey Because the traumatization of the Holocaust was both individual and collective, most individuals made efforts to create a "new family" to replace the nuclear family that had been lost. In order for the victims to resist dehumanization and regression and to find support, the members of such groups shared stories about the past, fantasies of the future and joint prayers as well as poetry and expressions of personal and general human aspirations for hope and love. Imagination was an important means of liberation from the frustrating reality by opening an outlet for the formulation of plans for the distant future, and by spurring to immediate actions. Looking at the history of the Jewish survivors, from the beginning of the Nazi occupation until the liquidation of the ghettos shows that there are common features and simmilar psychophysiological patterns in their responses to the persecutions. The survivors often experienced several phases of psychosocial response, including attempts to actively master the traumatic situation, cohesive affiliative actions with intense emotional links, and finally, passive compliance with the persecutors. These phases must be understood as the development of special mechanisms to cope with the tensions and dangers of the surrounding horrifying reality of the Holocaust. There were many speculations that survivors of the Holocaust suffered from a static concentration camp syndrome. These theories were proved to have not been valid by research that was done immediately after liberation. Clinical and theoretical research focused more on psychopathology than on the question of coping and the development of specific adaptive mechanisms during the Holocaust and after. The descriptions of the survivors' syndrome in the late 1950's and 1960's created a new means of diagnosis in psychology and the behavioral sciences, and has become a model that has since served as a focal concept in examining the results of catastrophic stress situations. After more research was done, it was clear the adaptation and coping mechanisms of the survivors was affected by the aspects of their childhood experiences, developmental histories, family constellations, and emotional family bonds. In the studies and research that were done, there were many questions that were asked of the subjects: What was the duration of the traumatization?, During the Holocaust, was the victim alone or with family and friends?, Was he in a camp or hiding?, Did he use false "Aryan" papers?, Was he a witness to mass murder in the ghetto or the camp?, What were his support systems- family and friends- and what social bonds did he have? These studies showed that the experiences of those who were able to actively resist the oppression, whether in the underground or among the partisans, were different in every way from the experiences of those who were victims in extermination camps. When the survivors integrated back into society after the war, they found it very hard to adjust. It was made difficult by the fact that they often aroused ambivalent feelings of fear, avoidence, guilt, pity and anxiety. This might have been hard for them, but decades after the Holocaust most of the survivors managed to
Thursday, November 21, 2019
The Biology of Sleep Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words
The Biology of Sleep - Essay Example Human beings often underestimate the importance of sleep in their lives. Contrary to popular belief, sleep is not a passive phenomenon. It is a dynamic process during which the body recharges, recovers and recuperates. Several physiological systems of the body undergo repair while we sleep. Thus, sleep deprivation can lead to serious health implications. According to the National Sleep Foundation in the United States, human infants require as much as sixteen hours of sleep, while human adults require about eight to nine hours of sleep every night. Women in the first 3 months of pregnancy often need several more hours of sleep than usual. The amount of sleep a person needs also increases if he or she has been deprived of sleep in previous days. Sleep is particularly important for the brain. Even 24 hours of continuous wakefulness can lead to reduced memory and concentration ability, hallucination and mood swings. Precisely how sleep affects human beings is still an area of intense research. Scientists are still trying to comprehend the molecular and physiological functioning of the body in the sleeping stage. But studies conducted so far have only reiterated that sleep is essential for survival. One such study conducted on rats revealed that sleep deprived rats had a severely shortened life span and a breakdown in the immune system. The normal life span of rats is 2-3 years, however sleep deprived rats live for only 3 weeks. These rats develop abnormal low body temperatures and sores on their tails and paws. (Mostaghimi, 2005) Researches conducted over the ages have theorised about the possible functions of sleep. As mentioned earlier, healing and repair are two of the key functions of sleep. A study conducted revealed that sleep hastened the healing process of burn wounds in rats. (Gumustekin et al, 2004) Sleep also forms an important means of energy conservation especially when a person is ill. This probably happens because cytokines, chemicals our immune systems produce while fighting an infection, are powerful sleep-inducing chemicals. Sleep may help the body conserve energy and other resources that the immune system needs to mount an attack. The body is in a quiescent stage while sleeping and considerably less energy is spent in the physiological functioning of the body. Sleep might also be an anabolic state marked by physiological processes of growth and rejuvenation of the organism's immune, nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems (with some exceptions). When a person is in deep sleep, growth hormo nes are released in the body. Also, proteins, which form the building blocks of the body, are produced in large numbers during sleep. The most important function underway in a sleeping human being is memory processing. Scientists have successfully correlated sleep to memory. Sleep helps the brain commit new information to memory through a process called memory consolidation. More specifically, working memory was shown to be adversely affected by sleep deprivation. Working memory keeps information active for further processing and supports higher-level cognitive functions such as decision making, reasoning, and episodic memory. (Turner, 2007) Stages of Sleep A human being usually passes through five stages of sleep. The first four stages can be
Wednesday, November 20, 2019
Mass Media's effect on children's behavior Essay
Mass Media's effect on children's behavior - Essay Example 7). Infants begin to interact with their family. The family sets the child's perception of a social environment; an environment which can later be altered when the child's exposure to mass media begins, or when the child starts going to school. As children develop intelligence, most likely, they tend to imitate the elders. Andrew Meltzoff discovers that as early as 9-month-old, an infant "can imitate very simple acts (for example, button-pressing to activate a noise-making toy) twenty-four hours after observing them" (qtd. in Shaffer 251; ch. 7). Similarly, a child exposed to various forms of mass media imitates whatever is there to see or hear. Mass media takes on different forms: newspaper, magazine, radio, movies, television, and the latest and fast-growing electronic media - the World Wide Web. Newspaper and radio are among the earliest forms of communication media; however, television is one of the most popular today. Almost every household in the world owns a television set. In 2004, a study by Frank N. ... Ecological systems model and mass media A number of theories on human development and the environmental influences have been published. Many of which cited that mass media have a certain effect on a child at a particular point of development. Shaffer states that Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems model of human development is "perhaps the most detailed analysis of environmental influences that has appeared to date" (59; ch. 2). Fig. 1. Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems model of human development; rpt. in "Overview of Child Development" (32) Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems model of human development consists of microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem. His innermost environmental structure, or microsystem, consists of the immediate contexts that a child actually experience (qtd. in Shaffer 59). It is the surroundings where the infant is first exposed to; this involves the family, playmates in the neighborhood, and later expands to peers at the day care. Mesosystem refers to the "interrelationships among microsystems" (Shaffer 60; ch. 2). The strong emotional foundation that the family instilled will prepare the child with future relationship with the teachers and other children. Exosystem, on the other hand, consists of "settings that children never experience directly but may still affect their development" (Shaffer 60; ch. 2). This involves the parents' view towards their work. If the parents are no longer happy with their job and they let their offspring see it, the child's emotional growth might be affected. The macrosystem is a "broad, overarching ideology that dictates how children should be treated, what they should be taught, and the
Monday, November 18, 2019
Hawaii Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Hawaii - Essay Example According to the paper the diversity of the place is also evident through its people, as it is full of culturally rich communities that are as charming and welcoming just as much as they are outgoing. Due to the small geographical foot print of Hawaiian Islands, it gives the impression of friendliness and safety, which is actually the case. Hawaii is generally safe and offers one comfort.This essay stresses thatà there are some unique features and places that make Hawaii particularly so special and important to me. One of these is the Volcano National Park, which is a relatively expansive park that gives a very unique experience and view of the beauty of nature. Being a nature loving person, this is one of the features that most resonates with me. The numerous nature trails are always something to look forward to, and so is the general vicinity of the park. Additionally, the cuisine that characterizes the visitor center is among the best in the world, and always gives the impressio n that Hawaii is arguably the best place to be on a warm sunny day. Moreover, it is possible to get some accommodation to enjoy rest after a long day of hiking and exploring the area. Additionally, there is also a host of other geographical features that are equally mesmerizing to view first hand, from the lava beds, to the different types of beaches, one gets to see more than expected, and this gives individuals an open and wide perspective of natureââ¬â¢s finest details.
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